Optimal design of electric vehicle public charging system in an urban network for Greenhouse Gas Emission and cost minimization

In this paper, we address the optimization problem of allocation of Electric Vehicle (EV) public fast charging stations over an urban grid network. The objective is to minimize Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) under multiple constraints including a limited agency budget, accessibility of charging stations in every possible charging request and charging demands during peak hours. Additionally, we address bi-criteria problems to consider user costs as the second objective. A convex parsimonious model that depends on relatively few assumptions and input parameters is proposed and it is shown to be useful for obtaining conceptual insights for high-level planning. In a parametric study using a hypothetical urban network model generated based on realistic parameters, we show that GHG emissions decrease with agency budget, and that the reductions vary depending on multiple factors related to EV market and EV technologies. The optimal solutions found from the bi-criteria problems are shown to be close to the solution minimizing GHG emissions only, meaning that the emission minimizing policy can also minimize user costs.     

Analysis of volatility in driving regimes extracted from basic safety messages transmitted between connected vehicles

Driving volatility captures the extent of speed variations when a vehicle is being driven. Extreme longitudinal variations signify hard acceleration or braking. Warnings and alerts given to drivers can reduce such volatility potentially improving safety, energy use, and emissions. This study develops a fundamental understanding of instantaneous driving decisions, needed for hazard anticipation and notification systems, and distinguishes normal from anomalous driving. In this study, driving task is divided into distinct yet unobserved regimes. The research issue is to characterize and quantify these regimes in typical driving cycles and the associated volatility of each regime, explore when the regimes change and the key correlates associated with each regime. Using Basic Safety Message (BSM) data from the Safety Pilot Model Deployment in Ann Arbor, Michigan, two- and three-regime Dynamic Markov switching models are estimated for several trips undertaken on various roadway types. While thousands of instrumented vehicles with vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication systems are being tested, nearly 1.4 million records of BSMs, from 184 trips undertaken by 71 instrumented vehicles are analyzed in this study. Then even more detailed analysis of 43 randomly chosen trips (N = 714,340 BSM records) that were undertaken on various roadway types is conducted. The results indicate that acceleration and deceleration are two distinct regimes, and as compared to acceleration, drivers decelerate at higher rates, and braking is significantly more volatile than acceleration. Different correlations of the two regimes with instantaneous driving contexts are explored. With a more generic three-regime model specification, the results reveal high-rate acceleration, high-rate deceleration, and cruise/constant as the three distinct regimes that characterize a typical driving cycle. Moreover, given in a high-rate regime, drivers’ on-average tend to decelerate at a higher rate than their rate of acceleration. Importantly, compared to cruise/constant regime, drivers’ instantaneous driving decisions are more volatile both in “high-rate” acceleration as well as “high-rate” deceleration regime. The study contributes to analyzing volatility in short-term driving decisions, and how changes in driving regimes can be mapped to a combination of local traffic states surrounding the vehicle.     

车路协同下考虑绿波协调的公交优先控制

在绿波协调控制交叉口群中,为分析公交优先控制对后续交叉口群的扰动,基于车流运行时间偏移分布,以概率期望描述了交叉口各相位绿时左端和右端时长变化引起的后续交叉口群在绿波带内、绿波带间的延误变化;采用组合优化的方法,以交叉口群在车速引导下的公交通行效益优化为上层模型,以交叉口群在公交优先控制下的延误优化为下层模型,对公交引导车速和信号控制参数进行协同优化.通过算例分析表明,公交优先控制模型有效提升了交叉口整体通行效益,最大化减小了对周边交叉口群的不利影响.     

水下无人作战系统装备现状及发展趋势

海军水下无人作战系统因其造价低廉、隐蔽性强、避免人员伤亡等诸多优点而得到大力发展,美国等国已制定各类水下无人作战系统发展规划并开发出便携型、轻型、重型和巨型等多种水下无人作战系统,并向着提高智能化、模块化和标准化程度、拓展多平台搭载使用能力等方向发展。为了应对威胁,我国也应从顶层规划水下无人作战体系发展路线,开发多样化的水下无人作战系统。     

车辆隔热壁K值计算中空气层的处理方法

对轨道交通车辆多层复合结构的隔热壁进行隔热性能理论计算与仿真计算的对比,对隔热壁内部空气层的隔热性能进行分析。结论为:在车辆多层复合结构的隔热壁K值计算中,当空气层厚度大于一定厚度时,流体自然对流对隔热壁的隔热性能影响较大。利用多项式密度(Polynomial Denisity)和Boussinesq模型两种算法,对所得结论进行了验证。     

共享自动驾驶汽车经营策略优化分析

研究共享自动驾驶汽车(SAV)与普通汽车共存背景下，SAV公司如何根据运营目标优化经营策略并影响通勤者出行方式选择. 假设高速公路上存在一定数量的独驾通勤者，无车通勤者在SAV和地铁之间进行权衡. 分析固定需求和弹性需求下，SAV公司追求系统总成本最小或系统净收益最大和利润最大时的最优经营策略，即SAV票价和容量，进而得到均衡时模式划分情况，SAV最优发车数，系统总成本或系统净收益，以及公司利润等指标. 算例对均衡结果进一步验证发现，SAV公司垄断经营会收取较高的票价，提供容量较小的车型. 在系统最优情形下，SAV公司无法获得正利润，需要政府补贴运营.     

Eco-driving behaviors of electric vehicle users: A survey study

Previous research has shown that electric vehicle (EV) users could behave differently compared to internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) drivers due to their consciousness or practices of eco-driving, but very limited research has fully investigated this assumption. This research explores this topic through investigating EV drivers’ eco-driving behaviors and motivations. We first conducted a questionnaire survey on EV drivers’ driving behavior and some hypothetical decisions of their driving. It indicates various characteristics between EV and ICEV commuters, including self-reported daily driving habits, preferences of route choices, tradeoff between travel time and energy saving, and adoption of in-vehicle display (IVD) technologies. Then, through statistical analysis with Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U test, this research reveals that, compared to ICEV drivers, EV drivers possess significantly calmer driving maneuvers and more fuel-efficient driving habits such as trip chaining. The survey data also show that EV drivers are much more willing to save energy in compensation of travel time. Furthermore, the survey data indicate that EV drivers are more willing to adopt eco-friendly IVD technologies. All these findings are expected to improve the understanding of some unique behavior found in EV drivers.     

轨道交通车辆的工艺流程标准化

从生产线建立、工艺流程编制、工艺布局设计和生产能力等方面进行分析,提出了轨道交通车辆工艺流程标准化设计方法和优化方法。基于精益管理理念和工序能力测算法,可以合理编制标准化工艺流程,从而降低劳动强度,提高生产效率。     

导电密封胶对不锈钢车体电阻点焊焊接性能影响研究

分析了电阻点焊原理,对相同的点焊搭接方式,分别采用3种工况进行焊接试验。3种工况分别采用相同焊接参数对搭接接触面涂导电密封胶和不涂导电密封胶的试件进行焊接;优化焊接参数后,对搭接接触面涂导电密封胶的试验件进行焊接。对3种工况下完成的焊接试件进行拉伸力检测试验、金相熔核尺寸检测和缺陷检测试验,对熔核直径、拉伸力、熔核内部缺陷的试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明:导电密封胶对电阻点焊的焊接性能存在影响;通过适当优化焊接参数,可以提高涂导电密封胶试件的焊接性能,焊接质量能够满足产品焊接要求。     

城市轨道交通车辆产品标准体系探索

分析了国内外城市轨道交通车辆产品标准体系的现状,重点介绍了城市轨道交通车辆产品标准体系的总体要求、结构搭建、产品标准的制修订,以及标准的实施和改进措施。